Immigration Struggles an Annotated Bibliography - 1485 Words

Immigration Struggles: An Annotated Bibliography Abrego, Leisy. Legitimacy, Social Identity, and the Mobilization of Law: The Effects of Assembly Bill 540 on Undocumented Students in California. Law Social Inquiry 33.3 (2008): 709-734. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 3 Apr. 2010. This journal article was written by Leisy Abrego about the effects of AB 540 on undocumented students in California, which I found in EBSCO. The journal talks about how the AB 540 helps undocumented Latinos go to school. The journal is more for the public audience. The journal isn’t biases; it’s more into dept on how they students can go to school. It talks about how some illegal students get turn down from schools because of them being†¦show more content†¦Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 3 Apr. 2010. This journal article was written by Martha Scarpellino about the human rights of the undocumented immigrants which I found in EBSCO. The journal starts off by telling us that many illegal immigrants don’t have that much right such as the regular U.S. citizen. Corriendo means running in Spanish, in the article it talks about how thousands of men and women cross the boarders every day. When captured by immigration officials, many of the Latino race is treated bad and violated. The article is not biases; it just talks about how people in the United States have equal rights. We all should have equal rights and no matter how your look or where you came from, everyone should be treated the same. Officials shouldn’t discriminate on Latinos. This article was a help because it talks about how Latinos should be treated and how undocumented Latinos crossing the boarders get treated without respect. I wouldn’t use this article for my final paper because it didnâ€⠄¢t have that much information. Suà ¡rez-Orozco, Marcelo and Mariela M. Pà ¡ez. Latinos: Remaking America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1997. Marcelo Suà ¡rez- Orozco and Mariela M. Pà ¡ez is the author for this chapter. This section of the book talks about filling low-wage, low-skill jobs Americans avoid. How Latino immigrants are the minimum wageShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography on Deportations1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeportations: An Annotated Bibliography Fitz, Marshall. â€Å"The Cost of Mass Deportation.† Center for American Progress. N.p., 19 Mar. 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. In the article The Cost of Mass Deportation, the author talks about the negative impact that deportation can cause this country. The issue of illegal immigration has been an active debate in congress for the last few years. During the presidency of George W. Bush and Barack Obama, the enforcement of deportation has increased. The authorRead MoreDo Asians Rights Be Ignored? America? Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesKatherine Annotated Bibliography WRTG 1150 Jennifer Campbell 11/2/2016 Do Asians’ rights be ignored in America? When I search â€Å"Asian rights in America† on Google, there are almost 68400000 search results. But if I search â€Å"Black people rights in America†, there are about 90800000 search results online. It is obviously that there are some differences between these two values and what reason causes this different? Why people focus more attention on black people’s rights not on Asians’ rights? YouRead MoreRacism And The Immigration Restriction Act Of 19011432 Words   |  6 Pagesis racism? †¢ History of Racism in Australia †¢ Effects †¢ Causes †¢ Where does racism come from? †¢ Who experiences racism? †¢ What can be done to fight racism? †¢ Where does racism come from? †¢ Graph †¢ Solution †¢ Conclusion †¢ Bibliography Racism Report INTO: The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 led to the limitation of non-European migration, which became known as White Australian Policy .In 1901, 98% of people in Australia were white. Australia wanted to remain a country of white people whoRead MoreThe Depiction Of 21st Century Latino Immigrants2477 Words   |  10 PagesJourney†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6-7 New Friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7-8 Family†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8-9 Hope for a Better Day†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 Annotated Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦11 I. Introduction In a diverse society, America is home to many types of people, whose beliefs and experiences may arise conflict among the races. To diminish discrimination andRead MoreEssay on illegal immigration: working bibliography2610 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Professor Hiesterman SYG 2000 9 April 2014 Annotated Bibliography: Illegal Immigration An illegal immigrant is a foreigner who has entered or resides in a country without the countries authorization. According to the C.I.A. the nations immigrant population reached a record of 37.9 million in 2007 and nearly one in three immigrants is an illegal alien.(Camarota) In 2000 there were reported 214 million immigrants in the world, immigrants now make up 3.1 percent of the world population.Read MoreImmigrants Pay Taxes2192 Words   |  9 PagesChina (43 percent). Approximately, 28 percent of these immigrants are in the country illegally. Roughly half of Mexican and Central American and one-third of South American immigrants are here illegally. The Center for Immigration Studies (Right Side news) finds that immigration has dramatically increased the population of low-income individuals in the United States, although many immigrants, the longer they live in the country, make significant progress. However, immigrants who live in AmericaRead MoreEssay on Vietnamese Americans3140 Words   |  13 Pages1975, thus, raising awareness throughout America. This Act established a program of domestic resettlement assistance for refugees who fled from Cambodia and Vietnam. As a result of the communist regime, in 1977, the second wave of Vietnamese Immigration began. The communist party began its reeducation of Vietnamese citizens, including the following; torture of former South Vietnamese military personnel and those presumed friendly to the South Vietnamese cause, the closing of businesses ownedRead MoreGay Marriage: the Recognition of Equal Human Rights2555 Words   |  11 PagesLiberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson 80). Gays are human beings too, and they should equally be able to enjoy the human rights. If we believe that human rights are equal regardless of their sexual orientation; then why do gays have to struggle for equal positions in the church, law, and psychological equality? Gay people, their families, and their friends are fighting for these rights. They want equality for gays including legal marriage, and marriage benefits that the regular man-womanRead MoreSame Sex Marriages Should Be Allowed: Research and Analysis3234 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Table of Contents Introduction and Background 3 Discussion 3 Task A: An Arguable Working Thesis Statement Main Points Research 3 Task B: The Annotated Bibliography 4 Putting the Pieces Together 11 The Overview 11 The Facts 11 The Final Conclusion 12 The Same-Sex Marriage Introduction and Background A marriage amongst two individuals of the same sex individuality and/or same genetic sex is known as gay marriage or same-sex marriage. The supporters particularly refer the possibilityRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography4273 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ Discussion Board 6: Global Cultural Analysis of Israel Annotated Bibliography Liberty University BUSI604 References Ackerman,  W. (2000). The Americanization of Israeli Education. Israel Studies, 5(1), 228-243. Retrieved from http://www.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30245536 In his article, Walter Ackerman discusses the historical evolution of Israeli educational system. He notes that there were several influential people charged with a

The Impact of Ethics on Decision Making Essay - 1013 Words

The Impact of Ethics on Decision Making Ferrel and Gardiner (1991) say there are two criteria to ethical choices on top of being legal. The first being; â€Å"One does not infringe on the basic inalienable human rights – such as life, freedom of speech and privacy, due process – recognized by our society (ethical formalism).† Basically stating the respect of others should be considered in all decisions. The second states each person should strive towards an increase in self-esteem and mental health. Maintaining self-respect should be thought of in the decision making process. We all face decisions in every day life, some appear obvious and easy while others do not. People are always struggling with their ethics†¦show more content†¦If the woman, in the parked car, had thought about the consequences of her actions she would have realized she was in the wrong and perhaps not have sued the innocent person. Ferrel and Gardiner mention along with some decisions comes a price of short-term stress or a degree of conflict and pain. Many people battle the decision of whether their personal values outweigh what is legally right. As is most situations within the medical field. Knowing that each person has his or her own values and beliefs is one thing. It’s another to accept this fact though. Within the medical field this is a conflict that arises often. By law, medical personnel must learn to put their own personal beliefs aside and abide by the wishes of the patients and families. If they don’t, the risk of being sued is high. Which is ethical though? Abiding the wishes of the patient or ones own beliefs? Many battle the â€Å"If I turn this machine off this person will die, it will be my fault.† This is a decision one should make prior to entering the field. Perhaps the above number four, regarding the newspaper issue, may not be pertinent, but the issue raises a good point. A better way of looking at it might be: If looked at from the perspective of others, how will it appear? What will the public eye think about the decision made? If a Senator agrees to a tax increase after one was just established how are the constituents going to react? The person inShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Elements and Impact of Ethical Decision Making 1446 Words   |  6 PagesElements and Impact of Ethical Decision Making We must first examine the thinking process and define the meaning of morality. We continually make deci sions without regardRead MoreEthical Case Study Wal Mart vs Petco1238 Words   |  5 PagesHobson Professor: Grant Wylie PHI 3360, Business Ethics 12 April 2011 Ethical Case Study Wal-Mart vs. PETCO Good business ethics is just one of many ingredients necessary for a successful business. You cannot have a successful business if you take advantage of stakeholders that support and have a vested interest in your business. History has shown time and again that, when the opportunity to grab quick profits presents itself, ethics can all too readily take a back seat to the entrepreneurialRead MoreEssay Business Ethics in Accounting1034 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors resulting in unethical, biased or inappropriate decision making and judgments by the professionals. The aim of this paper is to review two academic articles and conclude on the reliability of the claims and assertions made by the authors. The research paper of Pflugrath, Martinov-Bennie Chen (2007) aims to analyze the impact of organizational codes of ethics on the accountants’ and auditors’ judgments and professional decisions making skills. The research is conducted on a sample of 112Read MoreEthical Decision Making: What Are the Elements and the Impact?1366 Words   |  6 PagesTo answer this question, we must first examine the thinking process and define the meaning of morality. 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DEFINITION OF ETHICS: ETHICS – is a set of beliefs about right andRead MoreReport On Ethical Decision Making1055 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Students and their Ethical decision-making As requested, here is the report on ethical decision making and how it affects business students. This report focuses on ethical decisions and how important they are, or aren’t, to commerce students. The report features information from scholarly articles and books relating to business ethics. Mainly, what ethics are, what factors impact ethical decisions, and how universities have taken steps to improve students ethics and behaviour, if that`s trulyRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Trends1159 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technology on work-related stress will be examined. Organizational Behavior Trends There are several trends in Organizational Behavior. One trend is globalization. Globalization requires corporate decision makers to be more sensitive to cultural differences as they venture towards a wider variety of employees and clients. Another trend in organizations is the increasingly diverse workforce. Diversity potentially improves decision-making, teamRead MoreProfessional And Personal Application Statement1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ethical challenges and issues that will be faced, as well as communicating the importance of ethics to other nursing professionals (Jormsri et al., 2005). In order to be prepared to handle the task of addressing ethical issues, both on a personal and professional level as an advanced practice nurse, it is necessary to demonstrate a comprehension of nursing ethics and to consider how those ethics will be integrated into professional practice. 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Quality of Life in Nigeria Free Essays

The term ‘quality of life’ (QOL) refers to the general well-being of individuals and societies. The term is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, and politics. â€Å"Warren Buffett, probably the world’s most successful investor, has said that anything good that happened to him could be traced back to the fact that he was born in the right country, the United States, at the right time (1930)†. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality of Life in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now None of us has a say in where he is born, but we can do something about it for our children. I therefore wish to discuss each factor associated with quality of life as related to Nigeria and plead for suggestions from all of us on how to improve on them so as to make this country a good place for us to live: * Material wellbeing as measured by GDP per head: The gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income (GDI) is one of the measures of national income and output. GDP can be defined in three ways, which should give identical results. First, it is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a specified period of time (usually a 365-day year). Second, it is equal to the sum of the value added at every stage of production by all the industries, plus taxes and minus subsidies on products. Third, it is equal to the sum of the income generated by production like compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, and gross operating surplus. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given country’s economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria was worth 243. 98 billion US dollars in 2011. The GDP value of Nigeria represents 0. 39 percent of the world economy. GDP in Nigeria is reported by the World Bank. Historically, from 1961 until 2011, Nigeria GDP averaged 50. 07 USD Billion reaching an all time high of 243. 98 USD Billion in December of 2011 and a record low of 4. 40 USD Billion in December of 1961. This is low as compared to 14. 99 USD Trillion of United States in 2011. * Life expectancy at birth: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. In other words, it contains the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. The entry includes ‘total population’ as well as the ‘male’ and ‘female’ components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures. It is estimated to be 52. 05 years for total population, 48. 95 years for male and 55. 53 years for female (2012 estimates) in Nigeria. This is low as compared to 78 years in Qatar for example. * The quality of family life, based primarily on divorce rates: Family quality of life refers to the extent to which families’ needs are met, family members enjoy their life together, and family members have a chance to do the things that are important to them. The five domains of family quality of life are emotional well-being, parenting, family interaction, physical/material well-being, and disability-related support. * The state of political freedom: Political freedom is described as a relationship free of oppression or coercion; the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions; or the absence of lived conditions of compulsion, e. g. economic compulsion, in a society. It can also refer to the positive exercise of rights, capacities and possibilities for action, and the exercise of social or group rights. The concept can also include freedom from â€Å"internal† constraints on political action or speech (e. g. social conformity, consistency, or â€Å"inauthentic† behaviour. ). The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state. * Job security (measured by the unemployment rate): Job security is the probability that an individual will keep his or her job; a job with a high level of job security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of becoming unemployed. Job security is dependent on economy, prevailing business conditions, and the individual’s personal skills. It has been found that people have more job security in times of economic expansion and less in times of a recession. Also, some laws (such as the U. S. Civil Rights Act of 1964) bolster job security by making it illegal to fire employees for certain reasons. Unemployment rate is a good indicator of job security and the state of the economy and is tracked by economists, government officials, and banks. Typically, government jobs and jobs in education, healthcare and law enforcement are considered very secure while private sector jobs are generally believed to offer lower job security and it usually varies by industry, location, occupation and other factors. Personal factors such as education, work experience, job functional area, work industry, work location, etc. , play an important role in determining the need for an individual’s services, and impacts their personal job security. Since job security depends on having the necessary skills and experience that are in demand by employers, which in turn depend on the prevailing economic condition and business environment, individuals whose services are in demand by employers will tend to enjoy higher job security. To some extent, job security also varies by employment laws of each country. A worker in Continental Europe, if asked about his job security, would reply by naming the type of statutory employment contract he has, ranging from temporary (no job security) to indefinite (virtually equivalent to ‘tenure’ n US universities but across the whole economy). However, people’s job security eventually depends on whether they are employable or not, and if businesses have a need for their skills or not, so although employment laws can offer some relief and hedge from unemployment risk, they only have a marginal contribution to job security of individuals. Fact is, individuals need to have the right skill set to have good job security. | * Climate (measured by two variables: the average deviation of minimum and maximum monthly temperatures from 14 degrees Celsius; and the number of months in the year with less than 30mm rainfall): Climate change poses a wide range of risks to population health – risks that will increase in future decades, often to critical levels, if global climate change continues on its current trajectory. The three main categories of health risks include: (i) direct-acting effects (e. g. due to heat waves, amplified air pollution, and physical weather disasters), (ii) impacts mediated via climate-related changes in ecological systems and relationships (e. g. rop yields, mosquito ecology, marine productivity), and (iii) the more diffuse (indirect) consequences relating to impoverishment, displacement, resource conflicts (e. g. water), and post-disaster mental health problems. Climate change thus threatens to slow, halt or reverse international progress towards reducing child under-nutrition, deaths from diarrheal diseases and the spread of other infectious diseases. Climate change acts predominantly by exacerbating the existing, often enormous, health problems, especially in the poore r parts of the world. Current variations in weather conditions already have many adverse impacts on the health of poor people in developing nations, and these too are likely to be ‘multiplied’ by the added stresses of climate change. A changing climate thus affects the prerequisites of population health: clean air and water, sufficient food, natural constraints on infectious disease agents, and the adequacy and security of shelter. A warmer and more variable climate leads to higher levels of some air pollutants and more frequent extreme weather events. It increases the rates and ranges of transmission of infectious diseases through unclean water and contaminated food, and by affecting vector organisms (such as mosquitoes) and intermediate or reservoir host species that harbour the infectious agent (such as cattle, bats and rodents). Changes in temperature, rainfall and seasonality compromise agricultural production in many regions, including some of the least developed countries, thus jeopardising child health and growth and the overall health and functional capacity of adults. As warming proceeds, the severity (and perhaps frequency) of weather-related disasters will increase – and appears to have done so in a number of regions of the world over the past several decades. Therefore, in summary, global warming, together with resultant changes in food and water supplies, can indirectly cause increases in a range of adverse health outcomes, including malnutrition, diarrhea, injuries, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and water-borne and insect-transmitted diseases. Health equity and climate change have a major impact on human health and quality of life, and are interlinked in a number of ways. The report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health points out that disadvantaged communities are likely to shoulder a disproportionate share of the burden of climate change because of their increased exposure and vulnerability to health threats. Over 90 percent of malaria and diarrhea deaths are borne by children aged 5 years or younger, mostly in developing countries. Other severely affected population groups include women, the elderly and people living in small island developing states and other coastal regions, mega-cities or mountainous areas. Climate change can lead to dramatic increases in prevalence of a variety of infectious diseases. Beginning in the mid-70s, there has been an â€Å"emergence, resurgence and redistribution of infectious diseases†. Reasons for this are likely multicausal, dependent on a variety of social, environmental and climatic factors, however, many argue that the â€Å"volatility of infectious disease may be one of the earliest biological expressions of climate nstability†. Though many infectious diseases are affected by changes in climate, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis, present the strongest causal relationship. Malaria in particular, which kills approximately 300,000 children annually, poses the most imminent threat. Often it is argued that Africa need not care about climate change because in global dimensions Africa itself produces negligible greenhouse gases. Climate change is primarily caused by the developed countries, so they should be the ones dealing with it. However, it is the bitter irony of destiny that Africa contributes least of all the continents to the climate change, but will probably suffer most from its consequences. According to economists it is a typical case of negative external effects, an externalisation of costs: A noninvolved party bears the costs of a third party’s actions. As Africa is exposed to a number of resource-consuming stressors (ranging from HIV to corruption to permanent crises and conflicts), comparatively few resources remain to react proactively on the climate change. Seeing the climate change as an external shock to the continent caused by the externalisation of costs of a third party, payments and assistance can be considered to be a reasonable way to compensate Africa for the negative climate effects. Currently, there is no evidence to suggest that the rapid onset of climate change is subsiding. Even if we miraculously managed to stop all greenhouse gas emissions, we would still be faced with the potentially irreversible changes we have already brought. Thus, it is essential that we adapt to these changing conditions. Our response will be both reactive and anticipatory and will need to take place at many levels (legislative, engineering and personal-behaviour). In response to malaria we will need to, for example, improve the quality and accessibility of health services, identify and target response towards vulnerable populations, improve our modelling and surveillance capacity, and implement broad-based public education campaigns. Personal physical security ratings (based primarily on recorded homicide rates and ratings for risk from crime and terrorism): Physical security is primarily concerned with restricting physical access by unauthorized people (commonly interpreted as intruders) to controlled facilities, although there are other considerations and situations in which physical security measures are valuable (for example, limiting access within a facility and/or to specific assets, and environmental controls to reduce physical incidents such as fires and floods). Security inevitably incurs costs and, in reality, it can never be perfect or complete – in other words, security can reduce but cannot entirely eliminate risks. Given that controls are imperfect, strong physical security applies the principle of defense in depth using appropriate combinations of overlapping and complementary controls. Physical security is not uniquely human. The practice of actively defending a territory against intruders or opponents is very common in the animal kingdom. Physical security is also not a modern phenomenon. The technology is continually evolving along with the threats. Physical security controls that were considered adequate in the past tend to be insecure today due to advances in the knowledge and capabilities of attackers. The goal of physical security is to convince potential attackers that the likely costs of attack exceeds the value of making the attack, e. g. that consequences of a failed attack may well exceed the gain. The combination of layered security features establishes the presence of territoriality. The initial layer of security for a campus, building, office, or other physical space uses crime prevention through environmental design to deter threats. Some of the most common examples are also the most basic: warning signs or window stickers, fences, vehicle barriers, vehicle height-restrictors, restricted access points, security lighting and trenches. However, even passive things like hedgerows may be sufficient in some circumstances. * Quality of community life (based on membership in social organisations): The community life of a set of people is based on their culture. Community life is almost the same with culture of the people and this entails activities within the regulation and scope of culture which morality also takes cognizance of. The number and kinds of people in a community have a great influence on type of community/social living, and this is where the traditions of such people have a great role to play. Traditions are the customs, practices, bits of legend and folklore and legends go a long way in establishing the community life, that tangible quality which makes it different in spirit from other communities in the same circumstances. Similarly, people in a community share legends and bits of folklore and this common heritage from the past gives people a sense of community solidarity. Governance (measured by ratings for corruption): There are various reasons why the situation has come to this dangerous abyss but when compared to other societies, it is obvious that Nigeria lack a home grown ruling class that in addition to everything else should set the direction of the nation by detailing set objectives and the steps and aims necessary to achieve desired goals. What obtains today is the governance of Niger ia by a political structure whose main objective is to take and plunder the land without giving back anything to the country. According to the oxford English dictionary governance mean to rule over, be in power over, exercise control over and hold sway over. In other words governance is a form of dictatorship. As it applies to Nigeria, governance is a peculiar form of dictatorship presently exercising a domineering paralytic control and power over the Nigerian people. A few group of people and their families have decided to hold power over everyone else in Nigeria since the British dictatorship handed over power to them in 1960. These few individuals also inherited the same principle of divide and rule as well as the indirect rule system which foster tribalism, ethnicism, disunity and other by products including lack of peace, injustice, unfairness, bribery, corruption 419inism to just name a few of sowed and grown social environment that exist in Nigeria today. Today’s political structure takes origin right from the post colonial days and in the South Nigeria for example the NCNC and Action Group recognized and recruited sworn loyalists who were distributed to each ethnic clan/zones who in turn recruited from villages and wards. When these parties are in the seat of government political looting is transmitted downwards and during election these recruits manage the result of the election to favour the looting political structure. In the North until recently when few changes has begun to occur in the middle belt the Emirs and village heads continued from where they stopped with the British. Nothing in that inherited structure has changed. The various military interludes in government did not affect the structure but merely substituted traditional rulers in place of the party loyalists. However where the previous immediate post colonial governors did manage to provide some public amenities these present political structure have only one objective and that is filling their pockets with the Shell distributed foreign exchange and to set up family dynasties of their own. In addition to this political structure is the state machinery, a fearsome, lethal and ruthless organ that has a mind of its own that is almost alien to this world. They provide the muscle for the political structure. Then there are the activities of CIA and FBI. It is no secret that every man who has strategic position in the government of Nigeria both in the executive and political arm has a CIA or Scotland Yard or Mossad agent as confidante and as a friend. Recent figures quoted by the Swedish information on countries show that there are 65 international agencies operating in Nigeria that have no economic or social relevance and that these figures do not include the security agencies or the activities of Israel, Arabs and the Palestinians that parasite on Nigeria. The bottom line is that the brain box and factors that programme the existing political and administrative structure of Nigeria are in foreign hands. There is urgent need for a ruling class that will effect change to halt the present state of affairs and to make Nigeria a place to benefit her people now and generation to come. * Gender equality (measured by the share of seats in parliament held by women): Gender equality implies that men and women should receive equal treatment unless there is a sound biological reason for different treatment. The concept based on the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, and the ultimate aim is to provide equality in law and equality in social situations, especially in democratic activities and securing equal pay for equal work and for example Equal Rights Amendment in United States. Significant gender gaps in education, economic empowerment and political participation remain in Nigeria. While progress towards parity in primary school education has been made, there remains a significant wage and labour force participation gender gap. Discriminatory laws and practices, violence against women and gender stereotypes hinder greater progress towards gender equality. Nigeria has a particularly high maternal mortality rate and women access to quality health care is limited, particularly in rural areas Nigeria has a National Gender Policy which focuses on women empowerment while also making a commitment to eliminate discriminatory practices which are harmful to women. The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria prohibits discrimination on the grounds of gender, but customary and religious laws continue to restrict women’s rights. As Nigeria is a federal republic, each state has the authority to draft its own legislation. However, any law which is contradictory to Federal Law or the Constitution can be challenged in a Federal Court and cannot subsist. The combination of federation and a tripartite system of civil, customary and religious law makes it very difficult to harmonise legislation and remove discriminatory measures. Moreover, certain states in the north follow Islamic (Sharia) law, although not exclusively and only in instances where Muslims make use of Islamic courts. Adherence to Islamic law reinforces customs that are unfavourable to women, including those relating to freedom of movement, and to marriage and inheritance. As of 2006, the Abolition of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women in Nigeria and other Related Matters Bill was under consideration; it is unclear whether this has been promulgated into law. Nigeria ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1985, and the Optional Protocol in 2004. The country ratified the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa in 2005. Nigeria’s Human Development Index score for 2011 is 0. 459, placing it in 156th place (out of a total of 187 countries). Nigeria is ranked 120th in the 2011 Global Gender Gap Index (out of 135 countries), with a score of 0. 6011. How to cite Quality of Life in Nigeria, Essays

Growth trend of GDP in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Analyse the Growth trend of GDP in Australia. Answer: Growth Trend in Australia The objective of the given exercise is to analyse the growth trend in GDP which has been apparent in Australia between 2005 and 2015. In order to achieve the same, the GDP growth rate has been captured in the form of the following graph. From the above graph, it is apparent that the highest growth by the economy has been witnessed during 2006-2007 especially from Q3 2006 tom Q2 2007. The de-growth in GDP or negative GDP growth has been witnessed only in two quarters namely in Q42008 and Q12011. For other quarters in the period, the GDP growth has been positive even though at times it has been below 1%. Further, the growth pattern does not show any major trend as periods of growth and decline have been scattered rather intermittently. However, considering annual GDP growth rate, it would be fair to opine that 2005-2007 period witnessed quite robust growth with 2008-2009 being challenging during which the GDP growth rate declined. However, the recovery of the growth rate in the economy was visible from 2010 onwards when growth started picking up which was especially visible from Q2 2011 onwards. But after a recovery in the growth, it is apparent that growth in the recent years has not been robust and there seems to be slowdown that is being observed in the economy. This is also represented by the high volatility in the quarterly GDP growth which during a stable period must indicate a consistent growth which seems lacking. Therefore, for summarising the above growth trend, it would be appropriate to comment that the growth trend has lacked consistency and has been quite choppy with a particular broad pattern being visible for only couple of years. Also, high variation in the quarterly growth rates is visible. Reasons for growth rate variation One of the key factors which accounts for the variation in growth rate of Australia during the concerned period is the rapid growth of China in the 21st century and the resultant mining boom that Australian has witnessed. The rapid growth witnessed by China fuelled by the boom of the manufacturing sector meant that China required incremental natural resources particularly in the form of iron ore and coal so that more steel can be produced which can then be used for the manufacturing industry. Due to unprecedented double digit growth rate witnessed in China, there was a significant uptrend in the demand for various raw materials which led to a surge in the commodity markets (Holmes, 2012). As a result, from 2004 onwards, there has been a significant increase in the mining related investment which has been a man driver of growth for the Australian economy as is apparent from the following graph (Tulip, 2013). It is apparent from the above graph that during the period from 2005-2008, there were robust investments in the mining sector backed by the firm commodity prices which began surging on account of the Chinese demand. There was a minor decrease in the investments during 2008-2009 owing to global financial crisis which adversely impacted commodity prices owing to slowing demand of products from the West leading to lower production in China and consequently lower demand for various commodities. However, the Chinese economy showed resilience against the global financial crisis and hence the surge in commodity prices continues from 2010 onwards which led to increase in investments in mining. These investments peaked in 2012-2013 post which there has been a decline as signs of slowdown are visible in China owing to which the commodity demand is slowing and hence caused the commodity prices to crash. This explains the lacklustre growth witnessed from mid-2013 onwards as the contribution of t he mining industry to the GDP is quite substantial (Tulip, 2013). As a result of the investments in mining, development has been brought in far flung areas in Australia due to enhancement of mining activities. Also, there have been major changes in the trade pattern which China emerging as the most significant trade partner leaving behind Japan in 2007-2008. The growth importance of China in relation to the exports from Australia is also apparent from the following graph (MR, 2017). The above graph clearly indicates that from 2005 onwards till 2014, the exports to China has become five times or an increase of nearly 400%. This has been a pivotal factor for the growth witnessed in Australia. Also, this has led to the creation of a trade surplus which is highlighted in the following graph (OEC, 2016). It is apparent from post 2005 there is a surge in exports which is led by the mining boom which is responsible for the trade surplus. Additionally, due to robust economic growth, there was a currency appreciation of AUD before 2008 which favoured imports particularly in manufacturing which was catered to by China considering the low labour cost. Also, in order to further boost the trade with China, a FTA or Free Trade Agreement was enacted between Australia and China (Tulip, 2013). The decreasing exports observed from 2014 onwards above also can be explained on the basis of end of mining boom due to lower demand from China (Towers, 2017). Hence, it is apparent from the above discussion that one of the main reasons for variation in growth rate has been the rise and fall of the mining boom. In the aftermath of this mining boom end, the government has enhanced the focus on the services sector along with other primary products which also tend to have a competitive advantage over other na tions. However, manufacturing owing to the higher labour costs is not a sector which can drive exports. Another key aspect that merits discussion is the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the underlying impact on Australia. The impact of the recession was felt in Australia also with an adverse impact on the savings of the consumers as the equity markets were hit leading to fall in share prices. Also, there was lowered spending from consumers owing to low confidence which adversely impacted the private spending in the form of investments. Further, the ongoing capacity utilisation was also adversely impacted leading to higher unemployment and lower disposable incomes. Besides, there was a correction in the commodity prices as the demand of various commodities lowered due to which the net exports of the nation were adversely impacted. Clearly, this led to reduced aggregate demand which resulted in lowered inflation along with lowering of the GDP growth rate (ABS, 2010). However, the impact of GFC was rather limited on Australia in comparison to other developed countries primarily because of two main factors. One was the strong fiscal situation of the country going into the crisis. The fiscal deficits owing to the trade surpluses were quite lower in comparison to other nations. Also, the sovereign debt was maintained at a much lower level which provided the government with higher flexibility in providing higher economic stimulus (Pickering, 2014). Further, the banking system of Australia was quite robust due to which there was no need for the government to provide fiscal stimulus and hence the government could instead focus on the economy as a whole rather than a sector in particular. The second factor was the quick recovery of China which was responsible for the high growth observed from Q2 in 2010 to Q1 2011 (Alexander, 2013). The response of the government to the crisis was measured and the government aimed to maintain a balance between inflation and the downside risks posed by the GFC. As a result, the government proposed a 2008-2009 budget which had a projected surplus of A$ 20 billion so that the future ability to avert the crisis is not jeopardised. Further, a slew of measures were taken to provide confidence to the financial sector. This included government guarantees in relation to the deposits, wholesale funding, purchase of mortgage based securities to the extent of A$8 billion and also banning short sales in certain financial instruments. This ensured that the confidence of the people in the financial sector did not dwindle and also there were not any financial defaults in this regards (Kennedy, 2009). Further, measures were undertaken to enhance the overall consumer confidence so as to enhance the demand from consumers and thereby ensure that economic growth is maintained. This included payment of $ 4.9 billion to pensioners along with $ 3.9 billion to families belonging to low and middle income group so that they can continue their purchases of basic necessities. Further, the traditional monetary policy tools and fiscal stimulus was also observed. The policy rates were lowered so as to ensure that liquidity remains in the system and also the loan rates are low. Also, fiscal stimulus to ailing businesses in the form of tax rebates was extended so that they can witness the difficult times. Overall, the financial policies exhibited by the government during the crisis were quite effective and free from excesses which ensured quick recovery unlike other western nations (Australian Government, 2009). Major Challenges While the Australian economy remained quite unscathed in relative terms during the GFC, however, a bigger crisis seems to be looming at the present for the Australian economy. The major reason for the same is the temporary end in mining boom and the need to find alternatives to fill the gap which is pivotal considering the cyclical fluctuations in price of various commodities. Since finding alternative customers to China is next to impossible, hence the policymakers feel that there is a strong case for diversifying the economy lowering the dependence on mining. However, this is easier said than done. One of the major challenges in this regard is the ailing manufacturing industry which over the decade has largely been overrun by Chinese goods due to which the industry has further dwindled Owing to the FTA with China, the trade barriers have been practically nullified which has led to surge in imports of textile and electronic goods particularly computed. Also, the car industry is at the verge of closing down with the government not willing to extend financial support any longer. Also, considering the low population of Australia coupled with the geographical isolation, it is apparent that the manufacturing industry would find it difficult to thrive without government support. The economies to scale are difficult to achieve and hence companies worried about costs set their plants in Asia while the high end manufacturing happens in US and Europe where market availability is plenty (Tulip, 2013). Coming to services, the local markets seem quite saturated and the potential source of growth seems to be only foreign markets. Again penetration in the foreign markets (both developed and developing world) is quite difficult owing to the existence of a number of players. One service where Australia has an edge is education which needs to be promoted further but it is unlikely that would bring in so huge gains that the economy can be transformed. Also, considering the geographical isolation, the export of services would involve migration of trained manpower to far off countries with significant differences in culture and history. The primary sector with livestock products also has potential but owing to the increasing changes in climate, this is increasingly a challenge as there is inconsistency in the production. Further, there are alternate players from the developed and developing world from which Australia has to be face fierce competition coupled with higher logistics cost which leaves the Australia exporters at a disadvantage. Hence, on the basis of the above discussion, it is apparent that while GFC has been averted by the economy but going forward there is a need to diversify the economy which is quite difficult. The local demand remains saturated owing to limited population and the geographical isolation of the countries implies that tapping the export markets is a challenge. Going forward, the policy makers would have to work out sustainable solutions to these issues so as to push the Australian economy forward and reduce their inherent dependence on mining and China. References ABS (2010) FEATURES ARTICLE: THEGLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISES ANDITS IMPACT ON AUSTRALIA. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Chapter27092009%E2%80%9310 Alexander, D. (2013) How Australia weathered the global financial crisis while Europe failed. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/28/australia-global-economic-crisis Australian Government, (2009) PART 2: THE GOVERNMENTS RESPONSE TO THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.budget.gov.au/2008-09/content/myefo/html/part_2.htm Holmes, A. (2012) Australias economic relationships with China. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/China Kennedy, S. (2009) AUSTRALIAS RESPONSE TO THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://static.treasury.gov.au/uploads/sites/1/2017/06/Australia_Israel_Leadership_Forum.pdf M.R. (2017) How Australia has gone 25 years without a recession. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/03/economist-explains-11 OEC, (2016) Australia. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/aus/ Pickering, C. (2014) Lessons for Australia from the GFC. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/business-spectator/lessons-for-australia-from-the-gfc/news-story/f6a0682272988717ad5b5d7c919190d7 Towers, C. (2017) The end of a mining boom leaves Australias economy surprisingly intact. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21718521-investment-mines-dries-up-property-takes-up-slack-end-mining-boom-leaves Tulip, P. (2013) The effect of the mining boom on the Australian Economy. Retrieved on October 22, 2017 from https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2014/dec/pdf/bu-1214-3.pdf